Globalisation small firms and government intervention

Globalisation small firms and government intervention It is believed that the history of globalisation process first began with the movement of people out of Africa into other parts of the world, and because of this movement of people, goods, ideas and customs today we find adaptations of influences from other parts of the world today in many areas of the world. Today however, we the integration of many different markets and economies of the world including the telecommunication industry and this has made the world into what is now called the Global Village. It is in this vein that governments are beginning to protect their firms or industries (mainly the infant or young firms) from the threats and stronger competitive forces of demand and supply working in the international markets which we will look at in details later. It is also critically important to understand the fact that these forces can only be limited up to a certain time before hand the government will realize the need to get involved in international business. The world is moving away from self contained economies towards interdependent and integrated global economic system. UNDERSTANDING GLOBALISATION What is globalisation? By definition globalization means: The act of economies moving away from self contained entities, isolated by from each other by barriers to cross border trade and investment; by distance, time zones, and language; and by national differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. And now moving towards a world in barriers to cross border trade and investment are declining. From our definition above its important to understand that globalization has two facets; Globalization of markets more of the economic integration and growing interdependences worldwide. Globalization of Production which refers to the sourcing of goods and services around the world with a few to reduce cost but obtain quality. Charles W. L. Hill International Business, Competing in the global market place 7th edition Dimension of market globalisation As a wide subject globalization has been investigated from various angles including economics, history, anthropology, political science, sociology, and technology. On the other hand when looking at market globalization we will be looking at the consequences of economic, technological and government policy trends. With this we can focus on the dimensions pushing the world market identified by Cavusgil et al (International Business -strategy, management and the new realities, Pearson Intl Edition Integration and interdependence of national economies: countries in themselves are said not to be self reliant thus the need to depend on other nations for the resource not in their reach. The internationally active companies make the government in some way realize the need for international trade. The internationally active firms devise multi country operations through trade, investment, geographic dispersal of company resources, integration and coordination of value chain activities. The sequence of value adding activities performed by these firms in developing, producing, marketing, and servicing a product, the aggregate of these activities will give rise the economic integration and interdependence of national economies. Rise of regional economic integration blocs: these are coming as far as the 1950s, the like of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation group (APEC), in Africa we have groups like the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (COMESA), and Southern Africa Development Corporation (SADC). These groups promote the idea of trade and investment among member countries through reduced trade and investment barriers. In more advanced arrangements like common markets barriers to the factors of production are eliminated. Growth of global investment and financial flows: as a result of conducting international business transactions, firms and governments buy and sell large volumes of national currencies (such as dollar, euro, yen etc). Also the globalization of capital around the world has brought about the interconnectedness of world, especially in the commercial and banking global industry. Convergence of consumer lifestyle and preference: a check around the world has shown that there is an increasing similarity in consumer spending activities. Lifestyle and preferences are speedily converging. Consumers in various areas have shown similar preferences of household, automobile and electronic goods. Major brands in the world have enjoyed a worldwide following, the likes of Nokia phones, Samsung products; the demand of certain car brands is also actively similar around today. All this similarity has been attributed to the result of international travel and exposure to different cultures. However it is also important to note that this has led to loss of culture and national values. Globalisation of production: international global rivalry among the firms has pushed a lot companies to area of low cost production and marketing. Companies are struggling to increase their economies of scale, standardization of product and reduction of costs of production or operation at all cost. We see I.T companies moving into areas like India, textile companies into China, and Mexico in the attempt because of low labour costs. THE DRIVING FORCES OF GLOBALISATION Under this subject we shall look at the forces or factors leading towards market globalization; Liberalization and adoption of free markets: The fall of the Berlin wall among many other things is what led to the fall of command economies into global economies. We also saw a lot East Asian countries embarking on ambitious market based reforms. India also followed suit in 1991, this was followed by privatization of state owned companies to private ownership and this attracted a lot foreign capital investment to these countries like China, South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and India. Generally this is focusing on how governments around the world are becoming less strict. Reduction of barriers to trade and investment: Because of the formation of national economic blocks governments are getting into agreements to reduce or simply eliminate trade barriers so as to improve trade relationships between them and neighboring countries. This also being a key dimension in the theory of market globalization. Industrialization: Due to economic growth and the move towards modernization around we see many emerging markets with fast growing economies a focus on the Asia, Latin America and Europe clearly depicts this. Also countries like Brazil emerging to leadership in the aircraft industry, Czech Republic in automobile and India in computer software. Because of Industrialization, economic development and modernization the standard of living have been positively impacted through the gross national product of various countries Merging world financial markets and technology: As the world is merging in most its activities business transactions are becoming more and more simplified, international firms can now can source for funds internationally and involve themselves in foreign currency transactions. The international banks are willing to offer these foreign currency transactions with easy within provided guidelines. Information technology has been critical in these international transactions between buyers and sellers will not even have to move but send money electronically once they receive their goods and service from foreign suppliers or customer. The benefits of globalisation Briefly before we can look at the threats posed by globalisation we will just look at some of the benefits that come from globalization; Increased Investment: As we have alluded to the fact that companies are able to expand due to the fact that they can source for finance globally, they can therefore easily expand to other countries of desire through different strategic alliances. With this move places which are considered feasible by the organization receive a lot of investments. These could either be short term or long term investment. Government can benefit from taxes that the multinational/international companies will be paying. Increased competition: Increased competition has led to improved standards of goods and services. As a result competition from international companies abroad the local markets begin to fear loss of their market to the international firms and to prevent this they will start to embark on project like the New Product Development, Innovation, Research and Development in order to compete more effective. This results in better products being offered at both the local and international markets. Focusing on your comparative advantage: Because of globalisation countries can focus on the goods and services they can produce without being over strained and this improves the economic welfare of a national. Creation of employment: Despite the fact that globalization can lead to labour drain it can create employment for the locals through international investments which could Foreign Direct Investments or Joint ventures. Threats Posed by Globalisation Cavusgil et al in International Business management acknowledges the following factors as threats that may come with globalisation; Offshoring and the flight of Jobs Offshoring is the relocation is the relocation of manufacturing and other value-chain activities to cost effective areas. Despite the fact that globalisation creates countless of jobs and opportunities around the world it also has cost many people their jobs. With the need to maximize on the scale economies many firms have transferred some of their jobs. General Motors (USA), Ford, and Volkswagen have transferred thousands of jobs from their factories in Germany to countries in the eastern part of Europe. Offshoring Has brought about job losses in numerous mature markets. Loss of national sovereignty Countries are losing the ability to control internal affairs, the activities of multinational companies can have an effect on the economic, social and political structures of a nation. Some multination companies have internal economies that are bigger than the economies of some countries and these organizations have been able to direct or exert influence on governments through their huge contributions. The only way out for government survival is to allow a market liberalized economy to control forces on the market. Effects on the poor It is believed that the poor are becoming poorer and the rich are getting richer in developing economies, this is because low wage pays, poor working conditions, and the employment of child labour among many thing present a negative effect. The International Labour Organization statics are showing that over 250 children are in full time employment however intervening to stop may worsen the living standards in the lives of many who maybe related to these children though at the same time this is at the expense of child education. On the hand these conditions seem to be in other countries, the footwear industries are paying well in the Vietnams; countries that were once being exploited for low labour cost are now experience a tremendous economic growth rate which is evident on their GDP. These are countries like Chile and India. Effects on National culture Dilution of culture, because of globalisation nations that may not have very strong cultures like the one existing among the Muslim world (have a strong standing cultural value); nations are at risk of losing their culture or it becoming diluted as foreign companies will bring their global brands, unfamiliar products and new values. In this view we see children around the world behaving almost in the same manner and have about the same everywhere among these has been the demand for iPods among young people Specific Threats to smaller firms (SME) Intense Competition (Rivalry): International firms have enough resources, capital, skilled and talented people who can design products tailored to customer needs. Shake Outs or Loss of business customers: The smaller local firms may fail to compete and the end result maybe to close up the business because they have lost their customers who are the focal point in any business. Loss of skilled and experienced employees: International firms have enough money to pay anyone they know who has an understanding of the market and is skilled enough to be an asset for the company and these will come from the local competitors causing high labour turnovers in the industry. Threat of takeover possibilities: The other feel is the local and government may have is that International may takeover some big firms and start running the industries that governments may also be depending on and not only for taxes. In our summary to these threats what we can say is that globalisation exposes the smaller firms to intense rivalry or competition in the local market, this being mainly because the international firms are enjoying reduced operation costs, advanced technology, can leverage skills and labour around the world more easily, have enough resources or capital to compete effectively and at an international level. 4. GOVERNMENT AND SUPRANATIONAL AUTHORITIES SUPPORT The oxford dictionary defines government as, a group of people who rule a state. The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines government as the continuous process governing, controlling or direction. It also defines supranational as the organization or movement that transcends national boundaries, authorities though they have limited power. The most practical examples being the United Nation, European Union in Europe, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank these are some among the most outstanding supranational authorities. There basically for major reasons that justify why government should intervene in international trade as identified by Cavusgil et al in our Pearson international business edition of strategy, management and the new realities we have the following: Protection of the National Economies: This mainly came from the labour activists who were against the outsourcing of jobs from Europe and the united states to India and where asking for government intervention to curtail the import of cheap products and increase trade barriers. Protection of Infant Industries: This is our focus of the report. Emerging industries, companies are often inexperienced and lack the technology and skill to compete with already established global firms and industries. National Security: Nations impose trade barriers on products that they deem critical to national defense and security; these could be in the form of military technology and computers. These trade barriers can be used to boost local production and capacity. National Culture and Identity: Sometimes governments wants to protect some occupations, industries, public assets that are central to national culture and identity as we shall look at later. Methods and Techniques used to protect small firms (How they can protect small firms) Trade Barriers Government can impose some trade barriers to ensure the infant industries are protected until such a time when they can effectively compete. Government will present trade barriers like the Quotas (being the restriction on the quantity of products that a country can import for a specified period of time). Tariffs can be another technique government can use, increased would mean the products of imports would become more expensive than the local products or services people might end up resenting these products. Investment Barriers These are investment restrictions in particular industries or being able to acquire a local firm. These restrictions are common in industries such as broadcasting, air transportation, financial services, military technology, and the oil industry. These are left to enable the infant industries to grow until such a time when they can compete. Most of these laws were very prevalent in India, and Mexico. Subsidies This id monetary aid or resource support from the government to the smaller firms to help them with production and other services that they need to help them grow. This is in the effort to reduce import by all means and encourage exports and therefore subsidies can also take the form of tax breaks, actual cash or services at reduced prices. Reduced Investment barriers within the bloc For the firms within the bloc such the European Union the countries within the bloc ensure that trade and investment barriers are reduced and this also allows currency flow within the bloc. Membership to such supranational organizations also fosters a huge market for export within the bloc. Cavusgil et al, International Business -Strategy, Management and the new realities, Pearson intl edition. The government and supranational bodies can encourage the following emphasize on high value adding industry activities especially on the value chains, taking advantage of the monetary and fiscal policies, be a member of a bloc as already alluded to as this brings out more exposure to export market and protection. In summary what we can say is the smaller firms should try by all means to take advantage of the support and protection from the government and supranational organizations. With time international firms will finally break through different regions and free trade zones and begin to offer competition. It is important to note that managers can use the support to gather resource and competitive advantage on an international level. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Finally we can recommend that it is important for the government and other supranational bodies to protect their local industries as this builds their economies, and makes their firms strong enough to contend with the firms in the international market. This also builds the trust of the people or citizens in these regions as they know that their government or organizations are willing to support and thus see the need to keep them in power. On the other hand global firms despite the barriers that may exist still manage to breakthrough into protected industries and blocs using different strategies developed by their managers. International firms can also prove to be very beneficial sources of income generation for the government inform of taxes and economic development as they increase competition this results in excellence and more professionally managed industries at a global level.

Memory :: essays research papers

Memory is defined as the faculty by which sense impressions and information are retained in the mind and subsequently recalled. A person’s capacity to remember and the total store of mentally retained impressions and knowledge also formulate memory. (Webster, 1992) â€Å"We all possess inside our heads a system for declassifying, storing and retrieving information that exceeds the best computer capacity, flexibility, and speed. Yet the same system is so limited and unreliable that it cannot consistently remember a nine-digit phone number long enough to dial it† (Baddeley, 1993). The examination of human behavior reveals that current activities are inescapably linked by memories. General â€Å"competent† (1993) behavior requires that certain past events have effect on the influences in the present. For example, touching a hot stove would cause a burn and therefore memory would convey a message to not repeat again. All of this is effected by the development of short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Memories can be positive, like memories of girlfriends and special events, or they can be negative, such as suppressed memories. Sexual abuse of children and Memory 3 adolescents is known to cause severe psychological and emotional damage. Adults who were sexually abused in childhood are at a higher risk for developing a variety of psychiatric disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and mood disorders. To understand the essential issues about traumatic memory, the human mind’s response to a traumatic event must first be understood. The memory is made up of many different sections with each having different consequences on one another. Can people remember what they were wearing three days ago? Most likely no, because the memory only holds on to what is actively remembered. What a person was wearing is not important so it is thrown out and forgotten. This type of unimportant information passes through the short-term memory. â€Å"Short-term memory is a system for storing information over brief intervals of time.† (Squire, 1987) It’s main characteristic is the holding and understanding of limited amounts of information. The system can grasp brief ideas which would otherwise slip into oblivion, hold them, relate them and understand them for its own purpose. (1987) Another aspect of STM was introduced by William James in 1890, under the name â€Å"primary memory† (Baddeley, 1993). Primary memory refers to the information that forms the focus of current attention and that occupies the stream of thought. â€Å"This information does not need to be brought back to mind in order to be used† (1993). Compared to short-term memory, primary memory Memory 4 places less emphasis on time and more emphasis on the parts of attention, processing, and holding. No matter what it is called, this system is used when someone hears a telephone number and remembers it long enough to write it down.

The Klan of the 1930s

The Klan of the 1930’s In 1865, the bloodiest war in American history drew itself to a much-needed end. However, the gory war had severe repercussions. One of which is the Ku Klux Klan, or as it is more commonly known, the ‘KKK’, or even ‘the Klan’. The Klan was not originally meant to perform filthy crimes against humanity, but any group started by individuals with such dark beliefs is bound to morph into something unintentionally. Something horrible. Something that would burn fear into the minds of every Catholic, every Jew, every African American, and anyone else who seemed unfit.That omniscient ‘something’ is the Ku Klux Klan, an organization equally as treacherous as the Nazi’s to anyone who truly know of them. The Ku Klux Klan is beyond doubt one of most terrifying things in all of American history, and still present day. From it’s unassuming beginnings, to it’s cruelty to their fellow man, to their . After the civil war, many ex-confederate soldiers had nothing to do- their bones ached with boredom. That very boredom is what ushered the beginning of the Klan in May of 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee.Boredom is what started this horrible, seemingly cult-like, group. The group was given its rise by approximately six ex-confederate soldiers as merely a racist, social gathering. Something to lift their sunken spirits. But, gradually, talk began to turn violent. At first, just little practical jokes, then as fate would have it, they evolved into a violent hate group and performed murderous and treacherous hate crimes that society seemed to turn it’s back on and God seemed to flinch at. How could men do such horrible things?Had we no souls? Klan violence worked to suppress black voting. Over 2,000 people were killed, wounded and otherwise. Klan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. Many of them ope rated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers. During the mobbing the Klan would riot by yelling out racist things. They would also hurt people who spoke out against them.Sometimes they would disrupt a certain black organization and rob people. During the hangings that they did, the KKK would find some black people, whether it meant kidnapping them or taking people just walking by and would take them to a hidden place where they were hung. When shootings occurred, the Klan were often the ones who started it, most likely by going and shooting at rallies for black people. The Klan also just started shooting at cars with black people going by or at a black family’s houses.Although the Klan did these horrible things, they were very rarely arrested for doing them. Although some police agreed with the Ku Klux Klan, others tried there hardest to find and arrest them. It was hard to find the Klan, bec ause they never stayed in one place for long due to the fear of capture. 3 years ago Report Abuse Additional Details my grand pa was a confederate general, i have nothing against it†¦ 3 years ago the question is what is the third thing i can use for my thesis? 3 years agoI WANT HELP WITH MY THESIS, NOT ADVICE. THANK YOU THOUGH. ————————————————- Explain how the KKK are supposedly the â€Å"ghosts of the Confederate soldiers† (after they lost the Civil War) and how they hanged Blacks in retribution, bombed Black churches, burned crosses on lawns and killed people during their infamous night rides. The first Klan was founded in 1865 in Tennessee, which had about 550,000 total members. Key members in the second klan were Nathan Bedford Forest, a Civil War veteran.Forrest allegedly responded, â€Å"That's a good thing; that's a damn good thing. We can use that to keep the ******* in their place. † That demonstrates that the KKK's main goal was reactionary, to keep Blacks down after they lost rights to slavery during the Civil War. In 1915, the second Klan was founded. At the turn of the century, the new KKK focused on more groups, such as the Jewish and Catholics. The created the movies called â€Å"The Birth of a Nation† that portrayed the KKK as heroes. Also, they were rather infamous in their case with Leo Frank.Leo Frank, a Jewish man whose controversial death sentence for the rape and murder of a young White girl named Mary Phagan had been commuted, was lynched near Atlanta against a backdrop of media frenzy. Also note the second KKK had about 6,000,000 members total and was VERY successful in terms of numbers and political power. The third klan formed in 1946 and opposed the later Civil Rights Movement. However, the third klan lost most political influence because racism was getting less accepted as times changed. Also not e, around this time, they began committing questionable assassinations and bombings of Black churches.They, in 1963, assassinated NAACP organiser Medgar Evers in Mississippi. In 1994, former Ku Klux Klansman Byron De La Beckwith was convicted. Of course, the racism resulted in the Blacks forming their own groups for protection. Also put that many KKK groups, from the third re-birth, exist today, in which, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, 187 active KKK groups supposedly exist in the United States. The state with the most KKK groups, is Texas, containing 26 total. ————————————————-

The War On Drugs And Its Effect On Society - 1840 Words

The, â€Å"War on Drugs† has been an ongoing debate in many circles for much longer than most people know. Starting in the late 1800’s, drug regulations and laws have been imposed upon American society and, although they have changed and been manipulated to fit different policies, by different politicians with different agendas, they are still in effect today. These laws and regulations may be in place for the safety of society or, according to some, are a way for the federal government to control the American population. With the many different effects, uses or styles of drugs available both legally and illegally there are countless reasons why these regulations are in place, but equally as many examples of why they are not needed or are detrimental to our culture. The more recent regulations have brought about more negative issues in society than the positive result they were intended for. The initiation of the War on Drugs as a peacemaking criminological approac h to drugs in an effort to eliminate illegal drug use has failed resulting in overcrowding and dangerous prisons, increased violence and fatality rates in the underground drug trade and unjustifiable costs to the American taxpayer for the treatment and incarceration of those targeted. A look at a brief history of drugs in America will help put this failure into context. In the late 1800’s, Opium laws were enacted and directed at Chinese immigrants known as, â€Å"yellow Fiends† or â€Å"yellow devils†, cocaine lawsShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On Society1564 Words   |  7 Pages The War on Drugs is a deep-rooted controversial campaign of prohibition and military aid that has been disputed for many years. There are constant debates as to whether there will ever be a viable solution to the problem. However, as we continue to pursue the â€Å"war on drugs,† it has become increasingly evident that â€Å"winning† the war seems to be an impossible task. Drug prohibition and the undertaking of the war on drugs have stirred much controversy over its moral and logical implications. WhileRead MoreWar On Drugs And Its Effects On Society Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2016 Final Paper War on Drugs Introduction The War on Drugs was established in the early 70’s to end drug abuse, which had increasingly become a problem during that era. Considering drugs will continue to be manufactured and consumed, this war has no end. And because there is no boundaries, there is room for discrimination and people being targeted. A disproportionate amount of minorities, particularly African Americans, are incarcerated every year for drug possession. 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Whether it be the constant back and forth battle of whether or not to legalize marijuana for recreational or medicinal use to stories of girls like Kristina in Crank that find their way to more potent drugs such as meth; drugs policies are always necessary. Stories like this are important to help people understand how drugs fit into our society and just how prevalent they are. In the story of Crank, KristinaRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effect On Society1888 Words   |  8 PagesHumans have the tendency to wage war on anything which they thing has a negative Fulsy 7 effect on their society or which may affect their way of life. Before the 19th century, alcohol was considered a product of religious relevance and individualistic satisfaction, but latter people realized it was being abused and in 1914 the Narcotics Tax Act was introduce. 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Ancient Egyptians Played a Board Game Called 58 Holes

The 4,000-year-old board game 58 Holes is also called Hounds and Jackals, the Monkey Race, the Shield Game, and the Palm Tree Game, all of which refer to the shape of the game board or the pattern of the peg holes in the face of the board. As you might guess, the game consists of a board with a track of fifty-eight holes (and a few grooves), in which players race a pair of pegs along the route. It is thought to have been invented in Egypt around 2200 B.C. It flourished during the Middle Kingdom, but died out in Egypt after that, around 1650 B.C. Around the end of the third millennium B.C., 58 Holes spread into Mesopotamia and maintained its popularity there until well into the first millennium B.C. Playing 58 Holes The ancient game 58 Holes most closely resembles the modern childrens game known as Snakes and Ladders in Britain and Chutes and Ladders in the United States. In 58 Holes, each player is given five pegs. They begin at the starting point to move their pegs down the center of the board and then up their respective sides to the endpoints. The lines on the board are the chutes or ladders that allow the player to quickly advance or to just as quickly fall behind. Ancient boards are generally rectangular to oval and sometimes shield or violin-shaped. The two players throw dice, sticks, or knucklebones to determine the number of places they can move, marked on the game board by elongated pegs or pins. The name Hounds and Jackals comes from the decorative shapes of the playing pins found at Egyptian archaeological sites. Rather like Monopoly tokens, one players peg head would be in shape of a dog, the other in that of a jackal. Other forms discovered by archaeologists include pins shaped liked monkeys and bulls. The pegs that been retrieved from archaeological sites were made of bronze, gold, silver, or ivory. It is quite likely that many more existed, but were made of perishable materials such as reeds or wood. Cultural Transmission Versions of Hounds and Jackals spread into the near east shortly after its invention, including Palestine, Assyria, Anatolia, Babylonia, and Persia. Archaeological boards were found in the ruins of Assyrian merchant colonies in Central Anatolia dating as early as the 19th and 18th centuries B.C. These are thought to have been brought by Assyrian merchants, who also brought writing and cylinder seals from Mesopotamia into Anatolia. One route along which the boards, writing, and seals might have traveled is the overland route that would later become the Royal Road of the Achaemenids. Maritime connections also facilitated international trade. There is strong evidence that 58 Holes was traded throughout the Mediterranean region and beyond. With such widespread distribution, its normal that a considerable amount of local variation would exist. Different cultures, some of which were enemies of the Egyptians at the time, adapted and created new imagery for the game. Certainly, other artifact types are adapted and changed for use in local communities. The 58 Holes gameboards, however, seem to have maintained their general shapes, styles, rules, and iconography — no matter where they were played. This is somewhat surprising, because other games, such as chess, were widely and freely adapted by the cultures that adopted them. The consistency of form and iconography in 58 Holes may be a result of the complexity of the board. Chess, for example, has a simple board of 64 squares, with the movement of the pieces dependent on largely unwritten (at the time) rules. Gameplay for 58 Holes depends strictly on the board layout. Trading Games The discussion of cultural transmission of game boards, in general, is currently of considerable scholarly research. The recovery of game boards with two different sides — one a local game and one from another country — suggest that the boards were used as a social facilitator to enable friendly transactions with strangers in new places. At least 68 gameboards of 58 Holes have been found archaeologically, including examples from Iraq (Ur, Uruk, Sippar, Nippur, Nineveh, Ashur, Babylon, Nuzi), Syria (Ras el-Ain, Tell Ajlun, Khafaje), Iran (Tappeh Sialk, Susa, Luristan), Israel (Tel Beth Shean, Megiddo, Gezer), Turkey (Boghazkoy, Kultepe, Karalhuyuk, Acemhuyuk), and Egypt (Buhen, Thebes, El-Lahun, Sedment). Sources Crist, Walter. Board Games in Antiquity. Anne Vaturi, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, August 21, 2014. Crist, Walter. Facilitating Interaction: Board Games as Social Lubricants in the Ancient Near East. Alex de Voogt, Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Wiley Online Library, April 25, 2016. De Voogt, Alex. Cultural transmission in the ancient Near East: twenty squares and fifty-eight holes. Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Jelmer W.Eerkens, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 40, Issue 4, ScienceDirect, April 2013. Dunn-Vaturi, Anne-E. The Monkey Race — Remarks on Board Games Accessories. Board Games Studies 3, 2000. Romain, Pascal. Les reprà ©sentations des jeux de pions dans le Proche-Orient ancien et leur signification. Board Game Studies 3, 2000.

Persuasive Essay On Gun Control - 1634 Words

Over the recents years, there have been many arguments about the issue of gun control at the state and national level. In California, there have been a variety of enacted laws within recent years to address the issue of growing gun violence around the country and ways to prevent terrorist attacks. California s new enacted laws about gun control in the state range from abolishing certain features on weapons to restricting certain handguns or other firearms a person might buy. The legislative branch within California wrote bills including a ban on large capacity ammunition magazines and were approved by Governor Jerry Brown and the Legislature in response to a 2015 terrorist shooting in San Bernardino. The hysteria developed when†¦show more content†¦Assault rifles are social artifacts within the community. Gun owners attach subjective means to their firearms and represents who they are. By California legislators officials to call gun owners assault rifles and its certain fea tures evil, reflects the person owning it as if he or she was evil themselves and that he or she maybe future threat to the safety of California. The new law will also require assault rifles to be registered before January 1st, 2018, or be forced to turn them into local law enforcement for destruction or removal from the State. If assault rifle owners fail register their rifles that contain evil features will result in a felony or some cases a felony wobbler. This is another aspect that makes it social policy because it not only includes the welfare of gun owners, but includes the criminal justice system. Knowing this, even more reinforces the idea that assault rifle owners are being negatively stigmatized. The reason being is the harsh sentencing of a felony towards not registering your rifle with evil features on it. When most people think of felony charges, people are most likely perceiving violent offenders like robbers, rapist, murders, and many more offenses that have a severe threat to our society. The fact that if you don t register your assault rifle you will be put into this socially negative category of not only being a felon, but beingShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Gun Control798 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay Did you know that in the United States almost 100,000 people are shot or killed with a gun in one year? 10,527 people die a year in handgun related incidents in the United States. This number, by far, outweighs the number of gun related deaths in countries such as Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan, which number 13, 22, and 87, respectively. What is the reason for such drastic differences in numbers? Sweden, Great Britain, and Japan are all countries that have stricter gun controlRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1753 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive Essay Rough Draft The United States of America has a problem that is growing worse every day. American laws are not protecting its citizens from injury or death. You may think the mass shootings in America the guns used were bought illegally, but â€Å"since 1982, there have been at least 62 mass shooter carried out with firearms across the country, with the killings unfolding in 30 states from Massachusetts to Hawaii. Of the 139 guns possessed by the killers, more than three quarters wereRead More Persuasive Articles on Gun Control Essays607 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Articles on Gun Control Persuading an audience can be done in several different fashions, one of which is Hugh Rank’s Model of Persuasion. Rank’s model states that two major strategies are used to achieve the particular goal of persuasion. These strategies are nicely set into two main schemas; the first method is to exaggerate an aspect of something, known as â€Å"intensify.† While the second is to discredit it, which is referred to as â€Å"downplay.† Al Franken, Jeffrey SnyderRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1018 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, an America where no citizen, law abiding or not, has the legal ability to own guns. Three gunmen with fully automatic rifles walk into a crowded city and begin firing. No law abiding citizen can defend themselves. It’s hopeless. This future can only be prevented if Americans continue to keep the second amendment. We should keep the current gun control laws, but revise them to make them even better. Most gun own ers are responsible under the current laws, however, I think some laws need to beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand time again. Due to recent tragedies involving firearms, the view of guns and peoples rights to own and operate firearms have been frowned upon and viewed in a bad light due to Media. News sources have cherrypicked pictures of tragedies and stories about bad instances of gun usage in order to fight for Gun Control and the suppression of Americans rights. Due to the recent Vegas shooting, the argument for Gun Control has never been more intense, and Media outlets are having a field day onRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control915 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically guns haven’t been a national issue. It is not until relatively recently that an overwhelming amount of people have been in favor of placing stricter laws on the owning of a fire arm. The call for gun control has become more prevalent in the eyes of the government and the people; the gun laws that are also often proposed are irrational and ineffective. One could not simply ban guns, it is comparable to banning a certain genre of music; it’s unachievable and would be a fruitless pursuitRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1745 Words   |  7 Pagescruelty to animals, and yet he was able to buy four guns legally (Rosenberg). That is the most recent example of why Americans need more gun control laws. Guns are not cool or makes you look good, they are a da ngerous piece of machinery that Americans take advantage of. The average American in the right mindset should not want to own anything more than one handgun or rifle for hunting or protecting their household. Gun control reform that limits gun ownership, enforces mandatory background checks, andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1439 Words   |  6 Pagesreason why Americans own so many guns is because of the Second Amendment, which states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† (Rauch) This amendment guarantees U.S. citizens the right to have firearms. Since this amendment is relatively vague, it is up for interpretation, and is often used by gun advocates to argue for lenient gun laws. Hence, gun control is a frequently discussed controversialRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1569 Words   |  7 Pagesstocks, which allowed the guns to fire hundreds of rounds per minute (Goldman). From this unspeakable atrocity, an abundant perspicuity is created, portraying that gun control laws are unable to prevent many violent actions, including mass shootings and other horrific events. Even a drastic increase in gun laws cannot prevent men that have irreproachable records from acting recklessly, or predict when an event such as this will happen. The thousands of homicides generated by guns per year are an especiallyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1636 Words   |  7 PagesOn an average day, 93 Americans are killed with a gun (Everytown). Beginning with the National Firearms act of 1934, gun control has been a controversial topic in American society and politics. Gun control is a set of laws aimed to limit the production, distribution, possession and modifications of fire arms utilized by civilians. Presently, the United States outlaws the selling, and ownership, of fully automatic weapons but allows the distribution of semi-automa tic weapons. Purchasing extended magazines

Management and Business Context Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Management and Business Contextfor Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization is a process of integrating ones economy with others. People across the globe have come closer to one another due to cross-border exchange of goods and services. International transfer and communication has become as integral part for an organization in the present era of globalization. This phenomenon plays an important role while generating business across border (Beck, 2015). The growth of developing countries is caused due to globalization. Subways non-traditional growth in America has helped the chain to achieve a sustainable business within a short tenure. Its international expansion has remain extensive with its first international store was opened 16 years ago in Saudi Arabia. The brand has continued to grow despite of global recession. The secret of their success is due to the fact that people want healthy food over the traditional fast food. The company is persistently looking for new market in order to grow extraordinarily. There market is growing at a fast p ace by occupying the growth opportunities resting with it. At an international level the company is looking for an entrepreneur who is excited for the brand and wants to grow together with Subway (Hirst, Thompson Bromley, 2015). Companys Overview Subway is a privately held American Company that primarily sells submarine sandwiches and salads. The company is owned and operated by Doctors Association, Inc. It is known to be one of the fastest growing fast-food chains with 44,882 stores in 112 countries. Surprisingly it is one of the largest single brand stores across world (History, 2016). The headquarter of Subway is in Milford, Connecticut whereas the regional offices are located in Amsterdam, Brisbane, Beirut, Singapore and Miami (Chancey, 2010). What is the Environment? Business environment consist of the set of external conditions that affects the business. These external forces have maximum potential to put a positive as well as negative impact on the business (Crane Matten, 2016). In case of Subway, the environment consists of its rivals like KFC, McDonalds, Pizza Hut etc, social trends, political and economic conditions affect the consumer goods. For the purpose it is necessary to breakdown the environment into the two components: The macro environmental factors and competitive environment. The former consist of overall trends and events taking place in the society that affects the product or an organization. Social, economic trends, technological trends etc forms to the part of the general environment factors. The latter includes factors that collectively compete with each other by providing similar goods and services (Pieterse, 2015). The action taken by the organization creates a degree of change in the environment in the surroundings. Most of the business organizations are limited to influence the similar business whereas there is certain business organization that affects the other industries as well. In case of Subway their decision to reduce the quantity of salt in sandwiches can lead to other organizations to revisit the amount of salt. The majority of business organizations have a sheer impact on the decision of the other organizations. There is an impact of the power and influence on the decision making of an organization which combines in general to form macro environmental factors. Overall the environment has a huge impact on the culture of the organization. These factors are given important privilege while formulation of the policies. It is recommended to the executives in an organization to give an important consideration while considering environmental factors (Baylis, Smith Owens, 2013). Firstly it is the environment that provides the resources to the organization to grow in an effective manner. No organization is self- sufficient. It requires help from the environment in order to grow extensively. Subway cannot grow without the contribution made by the allied organizations and franchisee. These external parties provide subway with appropriate resources in order to grow. An organization cannot grow with the help of the external environment. Secondly its the environment that causes oppor tunities and threats to the organization. Subway in the late 1990s has created an opportunity to position itself as a healthy substitute against the traditional fast-food restaurants. Threats are those events that can undermine the interest of the organizational performance. Subway has faced threat from the upstart restaurant chain. There are majority of business organization across the globe providing similar food. Noodles and Company provides with healthy food substitutes. These small sized organizations are famous among localities. They have positioned themselves as one of the most promising healthy food companies (Scott, 2013). Moreover it is essential for a business environment to create opportunities for the business environment in order to grow. There are natural disaster event that has caused wide spread destruction to the growth of the organization. It is difficult for a business organization to keep a check over the environmental factors. These factors affect the business organization on a long run. Thirdly, the environment affects most of the strategic decisions taken by the organization. It is the duty of the executives to create a sustainable environment helping in achieving a considerable growth. Organizational goal play a significant role for a business that struggle to achieve appropriate results. Environmental condition plays an important role for a business organization that wants to open a venture in a new country. The macro environmental factors of the other country need to be considered well in advance to launch an innovative product. Subway while expanding its business considers all the relevant macro environmental factors in order to attain success (Lutz, 2014). Trends Toward Greater Globalization There are two most important macro environmental factors that need to be considered towards greater level of globalization. Firstly it is due to the declining trade and investment barriers and the change in the technology. Another reason is due to the global financial and political crises that have created a massive involuntary refugee movement changing the complete trend of the business (Wiedemann, 2013). There are increasing opportunities in Asia that has lead to significant growth among various multi-national organizations. This has resulted in movement by multinational organization in order to grab the market. This has substantially reduced the barriers to the investment made by the organization in order to attain a major share in cross-border transactions. During the past decade there is an increase in the foreign direct investment made by the multi-national organizations in the countries like Mexico, China and India that has helped in increasing number of opportunities. It is d ue to the fact that the cost of labor and other input is less in the developing countries (Hitt, ET al.2012). Subway has surpassed McDonalds in term of global presence. There is more than 40,000 subway chain as compared to 30,000 approximately food chain of McDonalds. The latter is still facing the challenge posed by the competitor and lagging behind with a huge margin. Subway has a passion to expand its business operations across border with the strategic intervention (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). Below mentioned are the reasons that made subway a ubiquitous organization across border: Firstly the food chain is easily accessible with the restaurants are efficiently build and requires a very less square footage as compared to the McDonalds. It is due to the fact that the organization can open easily as compared to the other food chain. Secondly, subway has a strategy to serve healthy food that makes it different from the other food chains. It is one of the easy choices of the consumers across border. Thirdly it is due to the ability of the customer to use a customized product when compared with the other food chain which does not provide similar facility. Subway has provided with a customized option to its customers. Moreover it has modified its meals according to the local conditions. This has helped in gaining a better market position as compared to other food joints (Doyle, 2015). Necessity of Globalization For a company like Subway it is important to notice that the world is becoming a small space which has led to majority of positive effects in the future of the business. Where other companies have failed to adopt the globalization strategies, Subway has gained a greater market share through its marketing strategies (Fayol, 2016). Moreover there global expansion strategies have helped in gaining a considerable market place. Subway has concrete marketing strategies that have made it one of the globally acclaimed organizations. the fast food business organization has gained a considerable place as compared to other food chains like Pizza Hut, McDonalds, KFC etc. there product has created a huge fury in the market with rigorously retaining the market(Gopinath Siciliano,2013). SWOT Analysis Strength Subway is the Market leader with worlds largest single-brand franchise operating in 110 countries. The Brand is recognized throughout the world Healthy food options are available at Subways making it one of the most recognized brands among youth. Company is incurring High level profits Global presence helps in attracting more consumers across the border. Weaknesses There is a Lack of uniform performance among franchises Unstable service commitment by different stores causes an unpleasant experience to the customer. Subway has come under a serious scrutiny due to the use of corn syrup There are Restricted suppliers to purchase products from selected Subway The activities of the organization are controlled from the central position limiting autonomy in branches. The diversification strategy of subway is Poor and limited as opposed to other fast-food restaurants Threats Huge amount of competition from other fast food outlets such as McDonalds, Pizza Hut, KFC, etc. The company is facing Legal issues during its operations. There are maximum possibilities of Food contamination. Moreover there is a Rising costs of supplies reducing overall profitability of the franchise Change in the economic conditions such as disposable income, foreign exchange and taxes are affecting the company. Opportunities There are ample of opportunity for global expansion. Diversity is one of the major opportunities available with the organization while extending its business operations. They can diversify into other food products They can form Partnerships with toy manufacturers and other recreational organization in order to promote the brand name. They have rising opportunity in case of Merger and acquisition that would increase the market share. Recommendation It is highly recommended that a company while expanding globally must focus on its resources and structure. This not only provide with a long term sustainable growth but help in achieving targets. In a modern business atmosphere it is recommended to Subway that it should adopt a diversification strategy in order to penetrate in the global market. Diversification of product line while entering into the global market help in securing a better place in the market when compared with the other organization, Subway has to modify its menu in order to secure a distinguished market place socially in the case of Asian market. This market has ample of growth opportunities in order to outgrow the possible outcome. Subway has to penetrate in the market which has many opportunities. Global business organization needs to focus on the basis of the market. Every market has a different set of growth opportunity (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Subway has to modify its meal and functions according to the market requirement. Globalization although has created major opportunities but in case of expansion the strategy need to be implemented focusing on the available business opportunities resting in the country. Conclusion The report examines the contextual factors affecting the growth of Subway while expanding its business operations. Subway is a world-class food chain with majority of stores providing healthy meals to the customers. Globalization is integration of worlds economy with other countrys economy. Marketing plan identified in the report will serve as a channel during the execution of the marketing strategies. The profitability of the company depends upon the adaptability o the company into the different environment conditions. Subway has its own strengths and weaknesses that have helped significantly at the internal and external level. The company in order to expect a sustainable growth should ensure stringent marketing plan that ensures growth. They need to focus on adopting the pricing and promotional strategies as per their franchise and position in order to secure a distinguished position. References Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015).Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2013).The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Chancey,B.(2010). How Subway Went Global. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.qsrmagazine.com/interviews/how-subway-went-global Accessed on 3 February 2017 Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Doyle, G. (2015). Brands in international and multi-platform expansion strategies: Economic and management issues. InHandbook of Media Branding(pp. 53-64). Springer International Publishing. Fayol, H. (2016).General and industrial management. Ravenio Books. Gopinath, C., Siciliano, J. I. (2013).Strategize!: experiential exercises in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hirst, P., Thompson, G., Bromley, S. (2015).Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. History.(2016). (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.subway.com/en-us/aboutus/history Accessed on 3 February 2017 Hitt,M. et al.(2012). Strategic Management: Concepts: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Learning, Lutz,A.(2014).4 Reasons for Subways Explosive Growth. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.in/4-Reasons-For-Subways-Explosive-Growth/articleshow/36313858.cms Accessed on 3 February 2017 Pieterse, J. N. (2015).Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Scott, A. (Ed.). (2013).The limits of globalization. Routledge. Wiedemann, L. (2013).Business Strategies and Value Chain Management. AuthorHouse.